Chesapeake Bay has added more than six billion oysters since 2017 through the Chesapeake Oyster Alliance.

And last year, the Chesapeake Bay Foundation grew more than 100,000 oysters to be placed in the bay.

But oyster populations were not always on the upward trend. Overharvesting, pollution, and disease caused massive declines in oyster populations.

Today, only 3% of historic native oyster populations in the bay remain.

Jessica Lutzow, Virginia oyster restoration specialist with the Chesapeake Bay Foundation, says the mollusks are considered the "popular kid."

Oysters in Chesapeake Bay are a keystone species, providing many benefits to the bay environment.

"They filter up to 50 gallons of water a day," said Lutzow. "We're talking about a three- to four-inch oyster filtering that much water a day. You have this little, resilient creature that's doing so much for it all at once."

Oysters are also consequential in preserving coastlines. When oyster reefs form, they serve as natural buffers against coastal erosion and storm surges.

Oyster reefs disperse wave energy to protect coasts from the full force of severe storms. To grow oysters, a volunteer suspends a wire cage full of baby oysters - also called spats - from a dock or marina.

The only upkeep required is keeping the cage clean to provide enough waterflow to the oysters. Lutzow said she's encouraged by these oyster milestones.

"It's such a positive outcome," said Lutzow, "and I see it progressing in the future as people really start to fully understand how important these creatures are, and how important the other animals and plants that are on the reefs are as well. The oysters can help create that habitat to keep those animals thriving as well. "

Conservationists are currently working to reach their goal of adding 10 billion oysters to the bay by the end of the year.

The Chesapeake Bay Foundation expects they will grow nearly 200,000 oysters this year.




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Sometimes called the original "ecosystem engineers," beavers and the techniques they use are guiding conservationists in New Mexico to protect scarce water resources.

Defenders of Wildlife is working with a team to install human-made "beaver dam analogs" along two tributaries of the Upper Rio Grande.

Peggy Darr, New Mexico representative for the advocacy group, said like beaver dams, analogs cause water to pond, allowing surrounding soils to soak up moisture during high flows, which restores habitat and encourages beavers to move in.

"The reason that we want to have as many beavers as the systems can hold is because they help keep rivers running year-round, they help to mitigate fire hazards, they help make water cleaner, they also help to reduce damage from flash flooding," Darr outlined.

A recent survey by the group showed a much higher concentration of beaver dams in the northern part of New Mexico, highlighting a need for targeted conservation in less populated regions.

In the Southwest, many perennial rivers now run dry during parts of the year, discouraging the growth of trees, providing a food source for beavers and the wood they use to build their dams. Darr noted the restoration work includes community and tribal outreach about the importance of a nonlethal beaver/human coexistence.

"If you rip out a beaver dam, beavers can rebuild it overnight sometimes, so you'll spend the rest of your life ripping out beaver dams," Darr pointed out. "And if you kill the beavers, it's like putting up a vacancy sign for another beaver pair, and eventually other beavers will move in."

Massive eradication of beavers began in the 1800s, leading to river and stream degradation in New Mexico and across the nation, often made worse by climate change. Darr emphasized conservation tools and public awareness can be beneficial.

"Beavers do millions of dollars of work for free," Darr stressed. "Beaver coexistence and beaver restoration, and just beavers in general, have become high priority for conservation, especially across the West."

Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations, or CAFOs, are banned from the Buffalo National River watershed.

That's after the Arkansas Legislative Council issued a moratorium, outlawing large-scale swine operations on land surrounding the river.

Gordon Watkins, president of the Buffalo River Watershed Alliance, said it's good news for them - but he said he's concerned about other bodies of water around the state that don't have the same protection.

"We've got lots of high-quality recreational streams in the state that deserve to be protected, but our by-laws restrict us to working within the Buffalo River Watershed," said Watkins. "While we would support changes to the regulation, we can't legally take up the leadership role."

Members of the alliance had been fighting for the moratorium since 2013 when C&H Hog Farm opened in the watershed.

Legislators recently passed Act 921, which allows farms to operate anywhere in the state. The Buffalo River is exempt from the legislation.

C&H Hog Farm shut down in 2020, after pressure from environmentalists who said waste from the operation was contaminating surrounding land and water.

Watkins said changes to state rules, such as not contacting local leaders when a company submits an application for a liquid animal waste permit, could impact other rivers and streams.

"Other places in the state are not going to have public notice," said Watkins, "and they're not going to have access to critical information to be able to see if a facility is being built next to them or to see if it's operating properly over time. So, those are our big concerns."

He urged Arkansans to monitor the actions of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Environmental Quality.

"Be vigilant, pay attention and push for better transparency," said Watkins. "To push the ag department to at least put up a listserv. If they had a listserv where people could sign up for it and they could be guaranteed that they would receive a notice every time an application came up. "

The Arkansas Farm Bureau and the Arkansas Cattlemen's Association argue the moratoriums are government overreach.





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As outdoor recreation picks up for summer, a clean-water advocacy group reminds people that some fish around Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River are not safe to eat due to high levels of pollutants.

The "do not eat" advisory spans about a mile from the dam upriver to Ruckle Creek.

The area was used by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for chemical storage and waste disposal for decades, starting in the 1930s.

As a result, resident fish there contain some of the highest levels of the cancer-causing chemicals known as PCBs in the country.

Kate Murphy, senior community organizer with Columbia Riverkeeper, said the Army Corps of Engineers hasn't prioritized the cleanup.

"It's taken a lot of outside pressure," said Murphy, "from the Confederated Bands and Tribes of Yakama Nation and other tribes, as well as environmental groups like Columbia Riverkeeper, to get this site listed as a Superfund site."

Murphy explains migratory fish - like salmon, steelhead, and shad - are still safe to eat from the area because they're not feeding in the polluted water all year.

The species that are not safe to eat include carp, bass, sturgeon and several others. Murphy said the Oregon Health Authority website has more details.

Part of the problem, said Murphy, is that there isn't enough data yet to know how to make a thorough cleanup.

She said now that the area has been designated a Superfund site, the Environmental Protection Agency will oversee the Army Corps' efforts.

"We are pushing for a thorough investigation of the nature and extent of the contamination," said Murphy, "to make sure that it's done right and that people then can feel confident fishing and recreating in this area."

Murphy said it is important that the agencies involved know people care about the issue.

She added there is a petition -- online at ColumbiaRiverKeeper.org -- they can sign to demand a swift and thorough cleanup of the site.

"People really deserve clean water and healthy fish that they can safely feed to their families," said Murphy. "And the toxic legacy at Bonneville Dam must be addressed."